Thursday, August 4, 2016

The Ancient Ancestors of Darnell L Williams Chapter 11

Darnell L Williams in his early 20s, working for Allegheny County as a computer operator.

One of my older daughter's friends who did not know me, told me that I should get in touch with my Blackness. Well, I do not have to tell you that she stuck her foot in her mouth. I was ready to resight my ancestor back to the early 1800s. Then ask her to do the same.


14 year old Darnell L Williams in his bedroom at his parents house in West Mifflin, Pa.  I went to Bell Telephone myself and ordered my phone. They must not have known that I was only 14 years old. 



What does my early life have to do with the Haplogroup A? Nothing except that I thought that I was 100% descended from Africans at that time. My mother did not know anything about the past and my father did not want us to know anything about his families past. 

If you read "The Ancient Ancestors of Darnell L Williams Chapter 8", you would see that I hold the Haplogroup A Y-DNA strand.  

Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Unlike all other Y-DNA haplogroups, it is not defined by a specific mutation, but as the foundational clade of the patrilineal lineage of contemporary human population, by definition rooted in this population's Y-MRCA (or "Y-chromosomal Adam").
Formerly also known as "clade I",[3] bearers of extant sub-clades of haplogroup A are entirely found in Africa (or among descendants of recently extracted African populations), in contrast with the descendant haplogroup BT ("clade II-X") bearers of which participated in the Out of Africa migration of anatomically modern humans.
The most basal subclades of haplogroup A are, by age of divergence, "A00", "A0", "A1" (also "A1a-T") and "A2-T". Haplogroup BT, ancestral to all non-African haplogroups, is a subclade of A2-T.
Haplogroup A
Possible time of originroughly 270,000 ybp[1]
Possible place of originAfrica[2]
AncestorHuman Y-MRCA
DescendantsA00, A0, A1, A2, A3, BT
Highest frequenciesmacro-haplogroup subclades of which are found in various "Northwest-Central African" populations

Origin


There are terminological difficulties,[clarification needed] but as "haplogroup A" has come to mean "the foundational haplogroup" (viz. of contemporary human population), haplogroup A is not defined by any mutation but refers to any haplogroup which is not descended from haplogroup BT, i.e. defined by the absence of the defining mutation of that group (M91). By this definition, haplogroup A includes all mutations that took place between the Y-MRCA (estimated at some 200 kya) and the mutation defining haplogroup BT (estimated at some 80–70 kya), including any extant subclades that may yet to be discovered.

Bearers of haplogroup A (i.e. absence of the defining mutation of haplogroup BT) have been found in Southern Africa's hunter-gatherers, especially among the San people. In addition, the most basal mitochondrial DNA lineages are also largely restricted to the San. But the A lineages of Southern Africa are sub-clades of A lineages found in other parts of Africa, suggesting that A lineages arrived in Southern Africa from elsewhere.[4] The two most basal lineages of Haplogroup A, A0 and A1 (prior to the announcement of the discovery of haplogroup A00 in 2013), have been detected in West Africa, Northwest Africa and Central Africa. Cruciani et al. (2011) suggest that these lineages may have emerged somewhere in between Central and Northwest Africa.[5] Scozzari et al. (2012) also supported "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the A1b [ i.e. A0 ] haplogroup".[6]

Distribution

Haplogroup A is largely restricted to Africa, though a handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia. The clade achieves its highest modern frequencies in the Bushmen hunter-gatherer populations of Southern Africa, followed closely by manyNilotic groups in Eastern Africa. However, haplogroup A's oldest sub-clades are exclusively found in Central-Northwest Africa, where it (and by extension the patrilinear ancestor of modern humans) is believed to have originated. Estimates of its time depth have varied greatly, at either close to 190 kya or close to 140 kya in separate 2013 studies,[5][7] and with the inclusion of the previously unknown "A00" haplogroup to about 270 kya in 2015 studies.[8][9]
The clade has also been observed at notable frequencies in certain populations in Ethiopia, as well as some Pygmy groups in Central Africa, and less commonly Niger–Congo speakers, who largely belong to the E1b1a clade. Haplogroup E in general is believed to have originated in Northeast Africa,[10] and was later introduced to West Africa from where it spread around 5,000 years ago to Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa with the Bantu expansion.[11][12] According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such relatively recent population movements from West Africa changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroups in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a lineages. Traces of ancestral inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A-M91 and B-M60 that are common in certain relict populations, such as the Mbuti Pygmies and the Khoisan.[13][14][15]
Haplogroup A frequencies
Africa
Study populationFreq.
(in %)
[14]Tsumkwe San (Namibia)66%
[14]Nama (Namibia)64
[16]Dinka (Sudan)62
[16]Shilluk (Sudan)53
[16]Nuba (Sudan)46
[17]Khoisan44
[18][19]Ethiopian Jews41
[14][18]!Kung/Sekele~40
[16]Borgu (Sudan)35
[16]Nuer (Sudan)33
[16]Fur (Sudan)31
[14]Maasai (Kenya)27
[20]Nara (Eritrea)20
[16]Masalit (Sudan)19
[14][21]Amhara (Ethiopia)~16
[17]Ethiopians14
[22]Bantu (Kenya)14
[14]Mandara (Cameroon)14
[16]Hausa (Sudan)13
[18]Khwe (South Africa)12
[18]Fulbe (Cameroon)12
[14]Dama (Namibia)11
[21]Oromo (Ethiopia)10
[20]Kunama (Eritrea)10
[14]South Semitic (Ethiopia)10
[22]Arabs (Egypt)3
In a composite sample of 3551 African men, Haplogroup A had a frequency of 5.4%.[23] The highest frequencies of haplogroup A have been reported among the Khoisan of Southern Africa, Beta Israel, and Nilo-Saharans from Sudan.

Africa —Central

Haplogroup A3b2-M13 has been observed in populations of northern Cameroon (2/9 = 22% Tupuri,[14] 4/28 = 14% Mandara,[14] 2/17 = 12% Fulbe[18]) and eastern DRC (2/9 = 22% Alur,[14] 1/18 = 6% Hema,[14] 1/47 = 2%Mbuti[14]).

Haplogroup A-M91(xA1a-M31, A2-M6/M14/P3/P4, A3-M32) has been observed in the Bakola people of southern Cameroon (3/33 = 9%).[14]

Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A Y-DNA has been observed in samples of several populations of Gabon, including 9% (3/33) of a sample of Baka, 3% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu, 2% (1/46) of a sample ofDuma, 2% (1/57) of a sample of Nzebi, and 2% (1/60) of a sample of Tsogo.[12]

Africa —Eastern

Haplogroup A3b2-M13 is common among the Southern Sudanese (53%),[16] especially the Dinka Sudanese (61.5%).[24] Haplogroup A3b2-M13 also has been observed in another sample of a South Sudanese population at a frequency of 45% (18/40), including 1/40 A3b2a-M171.[17] Haplogroup A also has been reported in 14.6% (7/48) of an Amhara sample,[21] 10.3% (8/78) of an Oromo sample,[21] 13.6% (12/88) of another sample from Ethiopia,[17] and 41% of a sample of the Beta Israel (Cruciani et al. 2002), and important percentages are also shared by Bantus in Kenya (14%, Luis et al. 2004) and Iraqw in Tanzania (3/43 = 7.0% (Luis et al. 2004) to 1/6 = 17% (Knight et al. 2003)).

Africa —Northern

The subclade A1 has been observed in Moroccan Berbers, while the subclade A3b2 has been observed in approximately 3% of Egyptian males.

Africa —Southern

One study has found haplogroup A in samples of various Khoisan-speaking tribes with frequency ranging from 10% to 70%.[14] Surprisingly, this particular haplogroup was not found in a sample of the Hadzabe from Tanzania, a population traditionally considered an ancient remnant of Khoisans due to the presence of click consonants in their language.

Eurasia

Haplogroup A has been observed as A1 in European men in England. As A3b2, it has been observed with low frequency in Asia Minor, the Middle East, and some Mediterranean islands, among Aegean Turks, Sardinians, Palestinians, Jordanians, Yemenites, and Omanis. Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A has been observed in a sample of Greeks from Mitilini on the Aegean island of Lesvos[25] and in samples of Portuguese from southern Portugal, central Portugal, and Madeira.[26] The authors of one study have reported finding what appears to be haplogroup A in 3.1% (2/65) of a sample of Cypriots,[27] though they have not definitively excluded the possibility that either of these individuals may belong to haplogroup B or haplogroup C.

Subclades

Nomenclature

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.


YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
A-M317I1A1–H1AA1A1A1A1aA1A1A1aA1aA1aA1aA1a
A-M627I23–H1AA2*A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A1b1a1a
A-M11427I23–H1AA2aA2aA2aA2aA2aA2aA2aA2aA2aA2aA1b1a1a1a
A-P2827I24–H1AA2bA2bA2bA2bA2bA2bA2bA2bA2bA2bA1b1a1a1b
A-M32********A3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3A1b1b
A-M287I1A1–H1AA3aA3aA3aA3aA3aA3aA3aA3aA3aA3aA1b1b1
A-M517I1A1–H1AA3b1A3b1A3b1A3b1A3b1A3b1A3b1A3b1A3b1A3b1A1b1b2a
A-M137I1A2Eu1H1AA3b2*A3b2A3b2A3b2A3b2A3b2A3b2A3b2A3b2A3b2A1b1b2b
A-M1717I1A2Eu1H1AA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aA3b2aremoved
A-M1187I1A2Eu1H1AA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA3b2bA1b1b2b1
A major shift in understanding of the Haplogroup A tree came with the publication of (Cruciani 2011). Initial sequencing of the human Y-chromosome suggested that first split in the Y-Chromosome family tree occurred with the M91 mutation that separated Haplogroup A from Haplogroup BT.[28] However, it is now known two previously reported subclades of Haplogroup A, namely subclades A1b and A1a-T, represent a deeper split in the Y-chromosome tree than that between Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT. The rearrangement of the Y-chromosome family tree implies that lineages classified as Haplogroup A do not necessarily form a monophyletic clade.[5] Haplogroup A therefore refers to a collection of lineages that do not possess the markers that define Haplogroup BT, though many lineages within haplogroup A are only very distantly related.

The M91 and P97 mutations distinguish Haplogroup A from Haplogroup BT. Within Haplogroup A chromosomes, the M91 marker consists of a stretch of 8 T nucleobase units. In Haplogroup BT and chimpanzee chromosomes, this marker consists of 9 T nucleobaseunits. This pattern suggested that the 9T stretch of Haplogroup BT was the ancestral version and that Haplogroup A was formed by the deletion of one nucleobase.[5][28]

But according to Cruciani et al. 2011, the region surrounding the M91 marker is a mutational hotspot prone to recurrent mutations. It is therefore possible that the 8T stretch of Haplogroup A may be the ancestral state of M91 and the 9T of Haplogroup BT may be the derived state that arose by an insertion of 1T. This would explain why subclades A1b and A1a-T, the deepest branches of Haplogroup A, both possess the 8T stretch. Furthermore, Cruciani et al. 2011 determined that the P97 marker, which is also used to identify haplogroup A, possessed the ancestral state in haplogroup A but the derived state in Haplogroup BT.[5]

Overview

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) Tree,[29] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree,[11] and subsequent published research.

Y-chromosomal Adam
  • A0 (formerly A1b) (P305, V148, V149, V154, V164, V166, V172, V173, V177, V190, V196, V223, V225, V229, V233, V239)
  • A1 (A1a-T according to Cruciani 2011) (L985, L989, L990, L1002, L1003, L1004, L1009, L1013, L1053, V161, V168, V171, V174, V203, V238, V241, V250, V238, V241, V250)
    • A1a (M31, P82, V4, V14, V15, V25, V26, V28, V30, V40, V48, V53, V57, V58, V63, V76, V191, V201, V204, V214, V215, V236)
    • A1b (A2-T according to Cruciani 2011) (P108, V221)
      • A1b1 (L419)
        • A1b1a (V50, V82, V198, V224)
          • A1b1a1 formerly A2 (M14, M23, L968/M29/P3/PN3, M71, M135, M141, M206, M276/P247, M277/P248, MEH1, P4, P5, P36.1, Page71, Page87, Page95)
            • A1b1a1a (M6, M196)
              • A1b1a1a1 (M212)
                • A1b1a1a1a formerly A2a (M114)
                • A1b1a1a1b formerly A2b (P28)
                • A1b1a1a1c formerly A2c (P262)
        • A1b1b formerly A3 (M32)
          • A1b1b1 formerly A3a (M28, M59)
          • A1b1b2 formerly A3b (M144, M190, M220, P289)
            • A1b1b2a formerly A3b1 (M51, P100, P291)
              • A1b1b2a1 formerly A3b1a (P71, P102)
            • A1b1b2b formerly A3b2 (M13, M127, M202, M219, M305):
              • A1b1b2b1 (M118)
      • BT (M42, M94, M139, M299, M60, M181/Page32, P85, P90, P97, Page65.1/SRY1532.1/SRY10831.1, V21, V29, V31, V59, V64, V102, V187, V202, V216, V235)

A00 (Perry's Y-chromosome)

Mendez et al. (2013) announced the discovery of a previously unknown haplogroup, for which they proposed the designator "A00".[30] With an estimated age of around 270 kya,[8][9] older than current estimates for the age of anatomically modern humans.[31]

This previously unknown haplogroup was discovered in 2012 in the Y chromosome of an African-American man who had submitted his DNA for commercial genealogical analysis. (Because his first known historical patrilineal ancestor was Albert Perry, the haplotype is also known as "Perry's Y."[32]) The researchers later found the same haplogroup in genetic data of eleven Mbo males of Western Cameroon (out of a sample of 174).[33] Further research in 2015 indicates that highest concentration of A00 is found in the Bangwapeople (27 of 67 samples positive for A00), and that they are in a separate sub-group to the Mbo A00 samples. One individual was found who fits neither sub-group.[34]

A0-P305

A0 or A1b-P305 is found only in Bakola Pygmies (South Cameroon) at 8.3% and Berbers from Algeria at 1.5%.[5] Also found in Ghana.[6]

A1a-M31

The subclade A1a-M31 has been found in approximately 2.8% (8/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau, especially among the Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha (5/64 = 7.8%).[13] In an earlier study published in 2003, Gonçalves et al.have reported finding A1a-M31 in 5.1% (14/276) of a sample from Guinea-Bissau and in 0.5% (1/201) of a pair of samples from Cabo Verde.[35] The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A1a-M31 in 5% (2/39) of a sample of Mandinka fromSenegambia and 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali.[14] Haplogroup A1a-M31 also has been found in 3% (2/64) of a sample of Berbers from Morocco[18] and 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali.[17]

In 2007, seven men from Yorkshire, England sharing the unusual surname Revis were identified as being from the A1a (M31) subclade. It was discovered that these men had a common male-line ancestor from the 18th century, but no previous information about African ancestry was known.[23]

In Finland, by April 2016 three men have been identified as being from the A-M31 subclade. They all have their oldest known paternal line ancestors from appr. the old region of Kyrö in the Western Finland. The oldest known paternal A-M31 line goes back to the 16th century, local farmers. Due to the old Western Finnish surname practices no surname can be given, as most Western Finns have been known according to the names of the farmer houses. Thus (at least in April 2016), the Finnish A-M31 group has obviously longer known genealogical history than the British A-M31 group. This might mean both the Finnish and British A-M31 groups have been in Europe more than 500 years. The Finnish A Y-DNA test results have been published in the Finland DNA project of Family Tree DNA.[36]

A1b-M6 (A2)

The subclade A1b1a1a-M6 (formerly A2) is typically found among Khoisan peoples. The authors of one study have reported finding haplogroup A-M6(xA-P28) in 28% (8/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 16% (5/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele, and haplogroup A2b-P28 in 17% (5/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San, 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele, 9% (1/11) of a sample of Nama, and 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama.[14] The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A2 in 15.4% (6/39) of a sample of Khoisan males, including 5/39 A2-M6/M14/M23/M29/M49/M71/M135/M141(xA2a-M114) and 1/39 A2a-M114.[17]

A1b1b-M32 (A3)

The clade A1b1b-M32 (formerly A3) contains the most populous branches of haplogroup A and is mainly found in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa.

M28

The subclade A1b1b1-M28 (formerly A3a) has only been rarely observed in the Horn of Africa. In 5% (1/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of South Semitic languages from Ethiopia,[14] 1.1% (1/88) of a sample of Ethiopians,[17] and 0.5% (1/201) in Somalis.[10]

M51

The subclade A1b1b2a-M51 (formerly A3b1) occurs most frequently among Khoisan peoples (6/11 = 55% Nama,[14] 11/39 = 28% Khoisan,[17] 7/32 = 22% !Kung/Sekele,[14] 6/29 = 21% Tsumkwe San,[14] 1/18 = 6% Dama[14]). However, it also has been found with lower frequency among Bantu peoples of Southern Africa, including 2/28 = 7% Sotho–Tswana,[14] 3/53 = 6% non-Khoisan Southern Africans,[17] 4/80 = 5% Xhosa,[14] and 1/29 = 3% Zulu.[14]

M13

The subclade A1b1b2b-M13 (formerly A3b2) that is commonly found in East Africa and northern Cameroon is different from those found in the Khoisan samples and only remotely related to them (it is actually only one of many subclades within haplogroup A). This finding suggests an ancient divergence.
In Sudan, haplogroup A-M13 has been found in 28/53 = 52.8% of Southern Sudanese, 13/28 = 46.4% of the Nuba of central Sudan, 25/90 = 27.8% of Western Sudanese, 4/32 = 12.5% of local Hausa people, and 5/216 = 2.3% of Northern Sudanese.[37]

In Ethiopia, one study has reported finding haplogroup A-M13 in 14.6% (7/48) of a sample of Amhara and 10.3% (8/78) of a sample of Oromo.[21] Another study has reported finding haplogroup A3b2b-M118 in 6.8% (6/88) and haplogroup A3b2*-M13(xA3b2a-M171, A3b2b-M118) in 5.7% (5/88) of a mixed sample of Ethiopians, amounting to a total of 12.5% (11/88) A3b2-M13.[17]

Haplogroup A-M13 also has been observed occasionally outside of Central and Eastern Africa, as in the Aegean Region of Turkey (2/30 = 6.7%[38]), Yemenite Jews (1/20 = 5%[19]), Egypt (4/147 = 2.7%,[22] 3/92 = 3.3%[14]), Palestinian Arabs (2/143 = 1.4%[39]),Sardinia (1/77 = 1.3%,[40] 1/22 = 4.5%[17]), the capital of Jordan, Amman (1/101=1%[41]), and Oman (1/121 = 0.8%[22]).

My Opinion


As you can see, I carry the genes of just about every group in the world. Few people are pure anything. We are all one group of people from just a few people a long time ago. Recently, I came from Natives in America. I have the "A" Haplogroup, meaning that the people who have it today are mainly from Africa and parts of Europe.  

 What I do not know is, the people who gave me this Haplogroup "A" came from a few hundred years ago or as much a 35,000 years ago. I believe that I receive the more current Haplogroup "A" from people in the South Central part of the United States between 1600 and 1951. But again, that is my opinion!

Here is my Origin






Part of the "L cluster of haplogroups," which has been concretely characterized as representing the original human mitochondrial lineage, haplogroup L2a is found in Africa. 

This haplogroup dates to approximately 55,000 years ago, and is detected in highest frequency in north, west, and central Africa. 
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