The Ancient Ancestors of Darnell L Williams Chapter 10

Stephanie and Damine Tulloch's Family
Stephanie seems to resemble Europeans. 

Haplogroup T
Possible time of origin	25,149 ± 4,668 years before present
Possible place of origin	Near East
Ancestor	JT
Descendants	T1 and T2
Defining mutations	G709A, G1888A, A4917G, G8697A, T10463C, G13368A, G14905A, A15607G, G15928A, C16294T

Eliza Lucinda Blue Brown, my mother's mother, died of a stroke. 
She had high blood pressure.  

Haplogroup T (mtDNA)

NOTE: This article is about the mtDNA Haplogroup T. For the unrelated Y-Chromosome Haplogroup T-M184, see Haplogroup T-M184.

Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,000 years ago in the Near East.

Origins

Mitochondrial haplogroup T derives from the haplogroup J'T, which also gave rise to mtDNA haplogroup J. The T clade is thought to have emanated from the Near East (Bermisheva 2002).

Distribution

Basal haplogroup T* is found among Algerians in Oran (1.67%) and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%). It is also distributed among the Socotri (1.2%).

Haplogroup T is a widespread haplogroup throughout Western and Central Eurasia with varying degrees of prevalence and certainly might have been present in other groups from the surrounding areas. T is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans. It is also common among modern day Iranians. Based on a sample of over 400 modern day Iranians (Kivisild and Metspalu 2003), the T haplogroup represents roughly 8.3% of the population (about 1 out of 12 individuals), with the more specific T1 subtype constituting roughly half of those. Furthermore, the specific subtype T1 tends to be found further east and is common in Central Asian and modern Turkic populations (Lalueza-Fox 2004), who inhabit much of the same territory as the ancient Saka, Sarmatian, Andronovo, and other putative Iranian peoples of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Lalueza-Fox et al. (2004) also found several T and T1 sequences in ancient burials, including Kurgans, in the Kazakh steppe between the 14th-10th centuries BC, as well as later into the 1st millennia BC. These coincide with the latter part of the Andronovo period and the Saka period in the region.

Haplogroup T is currently found with high concentrations around the eastern Baltic Sea.

The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia (Bedford 2012). Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World (Bedford 2012). Found in Svan population from Caucasus (Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2%. T1a1a1 is particularly common in countries with high levels of Y-haplogroup R1a, such as Central and Northeast Europe, but also everywhere in Central Asia and deep into North Asia, as far east as Mongolia.

T2 is also found among the Socotri (7.7%).

Archaeology

Wilde et al. (2014) tested mtDNA samples from the Yamna culture, the presumed homeland of Proto-Indo-European speakers. They found T2a1b in the Middle Volga region and Bulgaria, and T1a both in central Ukraine and the Middle Volga. The frequency of T1a and T2 in Yamna samples were each 14.5%, a percentage higher than in any country today and only found in similarly high frequencies among the Udmurts of the Volga-Ural region.

Africa

In Africa, haplogroup T is primarily found among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations, including the basal T* clade.Some non-basal T clades are also commonly found among the Niger-Congo-speaking Serer due to diffusion from the Maghreb, likely with the spread of Islam and urban civilizations.

[hide]Population	Location	Language Family	N	Frequency	Source
Amhara	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	5/120	4.17%	Kivisild 2004
Beja	Sudan	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	1/48	2.1%	Hassan 2009
Beta Israel	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/29	0.00%	Behar 2008a
Copt	Egypt	Afro-Asiatic > Egyptian	5/29	17.2%	Hassan 2009
Dawro K.	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Omotic	2/137	1.46%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Egyptians (El-Hayez)	Egypt	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	10/35	28.6%	Kujanova 2009
Ethiopia	Ethiopia	Undetermined	2/77	2.60%	Soares 2011
Ethiopian Jew	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/41	0.00%	Non 2011
Gurage	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	0/21	0.00%	Kivisild 2004
Hamer	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Omotic	0/11	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Ongota	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/19	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Oromo	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/33	0.00%	Kivisild 2004
Tigrai	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	3/44	6.82%	Kivisild 2004
Daasanach	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/49	0.00%	Poloni 2009
Elmolo	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/52	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Luo	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/49	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Maasai	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/81	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Nairobi	Kenya	Niger-Congo	0/100	0.00%	Brandstatter 2004
Nyangatom	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/112	0.00%	Poloni 2009
Rendille	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/17	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Samburu	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/35	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Turkana	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/51	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Hutu	Rwanda	Niger-Congo	0/42	0.00%	Castrì 2009
Dinka	Sudan	Nilo-Saharan	0/46	0.00%	Krings 1999
Sudan	Sudan	Undetermined	3/102	2.94%	Soares 2011
Burunge	Tanzania	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/38	0.00%	Tishkoff 2007
Datoga	Tanzania	Nilo-Saharan	1/57	1.75%	Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003
Iraqw	Tanzania	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/12	0.00%	Knight 2003
Sukuma	Tanzania	Niger-Congo	0/32	0.00%	Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003
Turu	Tanzania	Niger-Congo	0/29	0.00%	Tishkoff 2007
Yemeni	Yemen	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	1/114	0.88%	Kivisild 2004

Asia

Europe

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades is based on the paper (van Oven 2008) and subsequent published research (Behar 2012b). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades (branches) are shown.

• T
  • T1
    • T1a
      • T1a1
    • T1b
  • T2
    • T2a
      • T2a1
    • T2b
      • T2b1
      • T2b2
      • T2b3
      • T2b4
      • T2b5
      • T2b6
    • T2c
      • T2c1
    • T2d
    • T2e
      • T2e2
    • T2f
      • T2f1
    • T2g

Health Issues

My family is plagued by high blood pressure and heart problems. One study has shown Haplogroup T to be associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (Sanger 2007). However, some studies have also shown that people of Haplogroup T are less prone to diabetes (Chinnery 2007 and González 2012).

A few tentative medical studies have demonstrated that Haplogroup T may offer some resistance to both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

One study has found that among the Spanish population, Hypertrophic CardioMyopathy (HCM) also referred to as Hypertrophic Obstructive CardioMyopathy or HOCM is more likely to happen in those of T2 ancestry than those in other maternal haplogroups. It is unknown whether or not this is specific to this subclaude of haplogroup T or is a risk factor shard by all of haplogroup T. With a statistically significant difference found in such a small sample, it may be advisable for those of known haplogroup T maternal ancestry to be aware of this and have their physician check for evidence of this condition whan having a routine exam at an early age. It is usually symptom-less and increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, which often happens to those of as early in life as teenagers and may affect those who are active and have no other risk factors.

Certain medical studies had shown mitochondrial Haplogroup T to be associated with reduced sperm motility in males, although these results have been challenged (Mishmar 2002). According to the Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologica Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Haplogroup T can predispose to asthenozoospermia (Ruiz-Pesini 2000). However, these findings have been disputed due to a small sample size in the study (Mishmar 2002).

Famous Members

Nicholas II of Russia

The last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, has been shown to be of Haplogroup T, specifically subclade T2 (Ivanov 1996). Assuming all relevant pedigrees are correct, this includes all female-line descendants of his female line ancestor Barbara of Celje (1390-1451), wife ofSigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. This includes a great number of European nobles, including George I of Great Britain and Frederick William I of Prussia (through the Electress Sophia of Hanover), Charles I of England, George III of the United Kingdom, George V of the United Kingdom, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Olav V of Norway, and George I of Greece. Many European royals have been found to be of this mtDNA Haplogroup, in addition toHaplogroup H (mtDNA).^{[citation needed]}

The Ancient Ancestors of Darnell L Williams Chapter 9

Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Haplogroup C
Possible time of origin	23,900 YBP
Possible place of origin	Central Asia
Ancestor	CZ
Descendants	C1, C4, C5, C7
Defining mutations	489 10400 14783 15043[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is ahuman mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 60,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M.

The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world and accounts for 40 to 44% of the total lacustrine waters of the world. The coastlines of the Caspian are shared by Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan.

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia). In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Yukaghirs and Nganasans. Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.

In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered a C1 lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of 1700 or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out.

My Opinion

In "The Ancient Ancestors of Darnell L Williams Chapter 8," Geneticist did not admit that "G" was not in Native Americans. But It is in me and I am Native American. Here is the "C" Haplogroup and they say that it is found in the first group of Native Americans. It is in me. This Haplogroup came from people around the Caspian Sea in Central Asia. 

Again, this is evidence that the "Asian Baby," Stephanie, her children, and myself are descendants of these people.   

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• CZ
  • C
    • C1
      • C1a
      • C1b
        • C1b1
        • C1b2
          • C1b2a
        • C1b3
        • C1b4
        • C1b5
      • C1c
        • C1c1
        • C1c2
      • C1d
      • C1e
    • C4
      • C4a
        • C4a1
          • C4a1a
        • C4a2
      • C4b
        • C4b1
          • C4b1a
        • C4b2
      • C4c
    • C5
      • C5a
    • C7
      • C7a
        • C7a1
          • C7a1a
          • C7a1c
          • C7a1d
        • C7a2
          • C7a2a
      • C7b

The Ancient Ancestors of Darnell L Williams Chapter 8

Amanda Ann Williams III 

The Asian Baby

Remember I told you that my youngest daughter look like an Asian when she was born? Looking at my DNA, I am going to tell you why she was born that way. 

HVR1 DIFFERENCES FROM rCRS 16182C 16183C 16189C 16223T 16278T 16294T 16297C 16309G 16390A

Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence

HVR1 REFERENCE SEQUENCE Show All Positions Position CRS Your Result 16182 A C 16183 A C 16189 T C 16223 C T 16278 C T 16294 C T 16297 T C 16309 A G 16390 G A

Here is my DNA Sequence. You notice that position 16390 has a CRS of "A" and my result is "G".  In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

This is what the major World Scientist have to say about this!

Haplogroup G
Possible time of origin	35,700 YBP
Possible place of origin	East Asia
Ancestor	M12'G
Descendants	G1, G2, G3, G4
Defining mutations	709, 4833, 5108

Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4. As part of my family crossed Asia, they broke up into many groups of people. 

It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Japanese,Mongol, and Tibetan people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō), and it is also found at lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, and Nepal. However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas. If that is the case then why did my family descend from Native Americans and Amanda was born looking like an Asian?   

This idea about indigenous people not having haplogroup G comes from the idea that only Europeans roamed the Earth, exploring the planet. The rest of us waited around waiting for Europeans to discover us. Keep in mind that Amanda nor I lived in Asia. So why was the Haplogroup G found in my DNA? 

There have been several previous attempts to prove the 'fusion' of African and native Pre-Columbian American races. Evidence has been put forward ranging from linguistics, plant geography, skeletons, terracotta figures and even North African 'Tifinag' inscriptions on the Virgin Islands. 

However, nowhere is the evidence for this argument stronger than at La-Venta and San Lorenzo, where several large stone heads have been discovered that clearly display Negroid features.

The huge proportions of the heads demonstrates that they were influential people, and their association with the Olmec culture at around (1,200-600 B.C.) places them long before the Maya, Inca or Columbus's arrival in America. Van Sertima concluded that these people originated from Egypt and the middle-east.

So here is proof that other people roamed the Earth before the White man. Native Americans roamed the Earth as well. 

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup G

These are the groups of people that grew out of Haplogroup G.

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Itelmen	0.681	47	Starikovskaya 2005	G1=32
Koryak	0.419	155	Starikovskaya 2005	G1=65
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)	0.281	32	Volodko 2008	G1=9
Negidal	0.273	33	Starikovskaya 2005	G1=9
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.233	133	Fornarino 2009	G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.200	20	Comas 2004	G2a=4
Ainu	0.196	51	Satou 2009	G1=8, G2=2
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.182	44	Ji 2012	G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.170	47	Jin 2009	G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.167	48	Kong 2003	G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.167	24	Ji 2012	G=4
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)	0.163	49	Yao 2004	G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.158	19	Ji 2012	G=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)	0.146	82	Volodko 2008	G1=12
Kyrgyz (Talas)	0.146	48	Yao 2004	G2a=7
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.145	55	Ji 2012	G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)	0.128	47	Yao 2004	G2a=5, G3=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.125	40	Fornarino 2009	G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1
Japanese (Gifu)	0.116	1617	Fuku 2007	G=188
Ulch	0.115	87	Starikovskaya 2005	G1=9, G2=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.114	44	Kong 2003	G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.107	56	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.106	47	Derenko 2007	G2a=4, G1=1
Tuvan	0.105	95	Starikovskaya 2005	G2=6, G3=4
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.105	19	Wen 2005	G2=2
Japanese	0.104	211	Maruyama 2003	G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.103	29	Ji 2012	G3b=2, G2a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.103	29	Ji 2012	G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.103	185	Jin 2009	G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.102	118	Zheng 2011	G=12
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.101	99	Derenko 2007	G2a=9, G3=1
Han (Beijing)	0.100	40	Jin 2009	G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Manchurian	0.100	40	Jin 2009	G1a=3, G2a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.098	41	Wen 2005	G2=4
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.096	282	Umetsu 2005	G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)	0.095	105	Fedorova 2013	G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Barghut (Hulunbuir)	0.094	149	Derenko 2012	G2=13, G3=1
Chukchi	0.091	66	Starikovskaya 2005	G1=6
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.091	11	Wen 2005	G2=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.089	45	Kong 2003	G1a=2, G2a=2
Hui (Xinjiang)	0.089	45	Yao 2004	G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.088	217	Asari 2007	G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.085	47	Kong 2003	G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.083	36	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.082	110	Derenko 2007	G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1
Buryat	0.080	25	Starikovskaya 2005	G2=1, G3=1
Buryat	0.079	126	Kong 2003	G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2
Korean (South Korea)	0.079	203	Umetsu 2005	G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.074	68	Wen 2004	G2(xG2a)=5
Dargin (Dagestan)	0.071	28	Marchani 2008	G=2
Uzbek (Xinjiang)	0.069	58	Yao 2004	G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.069	160	Umetsu 2005	G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3
Korean (South Korea)	0.068	103	Derenko 2007	G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)	0.068	633	Fuku 2007	G=43
Yakut (northern Yakutia)	0.068	148	Fedorova 2013	G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)	0.067	15	Derenko 2007	G1=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.067	45	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=3
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.067	30	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Tuvinian	0.067	105	Derenko 2007	G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.065	31	Li 2007	G2a=2
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.063	32	Wen 2005	G2=2
Korean (South Korea)	0.061	261	Kim 2008	G(xG2)=11, G2=5
Mansi	0.061	98	Starikovskaya 2005	G2=6
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.060	100	Uchiyama 2007	G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1
Han (Beijing Normal University)	0.058	121	Zheng 2011	G=7
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.057	35	Wen 2004	G3=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)	0.057	53	Yao 2004	G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Altai Kizhi	0.056	90	Derenko 2007	G1=4, G2a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.056	54	Ji 2012	G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1
Han (Denver, Colorado)	0.055	73	Zheng 2011	G=4
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)	0.055	55	Yao 2004	G2a=3
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.054	336	Umetsu 2005	G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.054	56	Starikovskaya 2005	G1=3
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	Comas 2004	G2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.050	40	Wen 2005	G2=2
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	Comas 2004	G2a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	40	Comas 2004	G2a=2
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.050	40	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Orok (Sakhalin)	0.049	61	Bermisheva 2005	G=3
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.049	102	Liu 2011	G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)	0.049	164	Fedorova 2013	G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.049	103	Wen 2005	G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1
Vietnamese	0.048	42	Jin 2009	G1a=1, G3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.047	256	Umetsu 2005	G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3
Tujia (western Hunan)	0.047	64	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.045	44	Derenko 2007	G2a=1, G3=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)	0.045	22	Fedorova 2013	G1b=1
Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan)	0.043	23	Quintana-Murci 2004	G=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.042	48	Kong 2003	G2(xG2a)=2
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)	0.041	73	Derenko 2007	G2a=2, G1=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.040	50	Wen 2004	G2a=2
Korean (northern China)	0.039	51	Jin 2009	G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Kumik (Dagestan)	0.038	26	Marchani 2008	G=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.038	26	Wen 2005	G2=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)	0.036	111	Fedorova 2013	G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.036	28	Li 2007	G(xG1a, G2)=1
Cun (Hainan)	0.033	30	Peng 2011	G=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.033	30	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=1
Lingao (Hainan)	0.032	31	Peng 2011	G=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.032	31	Wen 2004	G(xG2, G3)=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.031	32	Wen 2005	G(xG2, G3)=1
Nogai (Dagestan)	0.030	33	Marchani 2008	G=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)	0.029	137	Ji 2012	G1=3, G2=1
Han (southern California)	0.028	390	Ji 2012	G=11
Telenghit (Altai Republic)	0.028	71	Derenko 2007	G2a=2
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.028	36	Derenko 2007	G2a=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.026	39	Wen 2005	G(xG2, G3)=1
Yakut	0.026	117	Kong 2003	G2a=2, G1a=1
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)	0.024	125	Fedorova 2013	G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Uzbek (Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan)	0.024	42	Quintana-Murci 2004	G=1
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.022	45	Derenko 2007	G3=1
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.022	91	Umetsu 2005	G(xG1a, G1b)=2
Han (Taiwan)	0.021	1117	Ji 2012	G=24
Han (Xinjiang)	0.021	47	Yao 2004	G2a=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)	0.021	47	Yao 2004	G2a=1
Hindu (New Delhi)	0.021	48	Fornarino 2009	G(xG2a)=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic)	0.020	98	Derenko 2012	G2=1, G3=1
Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey)	0.020	50	Quintana-Murci 2004	G=1
Khanty	0.019	106	Pimenoff 2008	G2=2
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)	0.018	55	Yao 2004	G2(xG2a)=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)	0.018	57	Derenko 2007	G3=1
Mansi	0.016	63	Pimenoff 2008	G2=1
Okinawa	0.015	326	Umetsu 2005	G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.012	82	Derenko 2007	G2a=1
Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan)	0.010	100	Quintana-Murci 2004	G=1
Li (Hainan)	0.009	346	Peng 2011	G=3
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)	0.006	154	Fedorova 2013	G1b=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.006	168	Peng 2010	G=1
Taiwan aborigines	0.002	640	Peng 2011	G=1
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	10	Wen 2005	-
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)	0.000	18	Volodko 2008	-
Filipino (Palawan)	0.000	20	Scholes 2011	-
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.000	20	Li 2007	-
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	24	Fornarino 2009	-
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.000	24	Wen 2005	-
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.000	25	Wen 2005	-
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.000	25	Derenko 2007	-
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	27	Wen 2005	-
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)	0.000	29	Fornarino 2009	-
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.000	29	Li 2007	-
Batak (Palawan)	0.000	31	Scholes 2011	-
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.000	31	Wen 2005	-
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.000	35	Wen 2005	-
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.000	35	Ji 2012	-
Aleut (Commander Islands)	0.000	36	Volodko 2008	-
Eskimo (Sireniki)	0.000	37	Volodko 2008	-
Eskimo (Naukan)	0.000	39	Volodko 2008	-
Nganasan	0.000	39	Volodko 2008	-
Thai	0.000	40	Jin 2009	-
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.000	42	Wen 2005	-
Eskimo (Chaplin)	0.000	50	Volodko 2008	-
Teleut (Kemerovo)	0.000	53	Derenko 2007	-
Han (Hunan & Fujian)	0.000	55	Zheng 2011	-
Saami (Finland)	0.000	69	Tambets 2004	-
Shor (Kemerovo)	0.000	82	Derenko 2007	-
Eskimo (Canada)	0.000	96	Volodko 2008	-
Saami (Sweden)	0.000	98	Tambets 2004	-
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)	0.000	163	Volodko 2008	-
Saami (Norway)	0.000	278	Tambets 2004	-
Eskimo (Greenland)	0.000	385	Volodko 2008	-

Subclades

Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to South Central China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien inGuangxi). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal.^[9][10]

Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc.). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan. G1a has been found in samples from China (Daur, Hui, Kazakh, Korean, Manchu, and a sample of the general population of the city of Shenyang), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Siberia (Yakut). G1c has been found in China and Korea.

Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans, Tibetans, and presently Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia, Japanese, Pumi, Tajiks, Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan, and Vietnamese.

Subclade G4 has been found in Japan.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• G
• G1
  • G1a
    • G1a1
      • G1a1a
        • G1a1a1
        • G1a1a2
        • G1a1a3
    • G1a2'3
      • G1a2
      • G1a3
        • G1a3a
  • G1b
  • G1c
• G2
  • G2a
    • G2a1
      • G2a1a
      • G2a1b
      • G2a1c
    • G2a2
    • G2a3
      • G2a3a
    • G2a4
  • G2b
    • G2b1
• G3
  • G3a
    • G3a1
    • G3a2
  • G3b
    • G3b1
• G4

Amanda's Looks Have Changed

Amanda Ann Williams III in her 20s

As time goes on, Amanda changed from Asian to someone else dictated by her DNA. By the time she reaches  70, she will change many times again. It is our DNA that dictates what we look like, who we resemble, and in some ways, how we develop in life.